状语从句

1-介绍

状语从句指句子用作状语时, 起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。 状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。

2-地点状语从句

2-1-介绍

地点状语从句表示地点，方位，通常由 where 引导。

• He lives there. (there 做地点状语)
• He lives in Inner Mongolia. (in inner Mongolia 做地点状语)
• He lives where the climate is mild. (where … 做地点状语从句)

2-2-引导词

常用引导词 where，特殊引导词 wherever, anywhere, everywhere.

引导词	含义	说明
where	在……地方	通常表示一个确定的地方
wherever	无论什么地方	表示任何地方
anywhere	任何地方	表示任何地方
everywhere	到处	表示任何地方

• We must camp where we can get water.
• They will go where they are happy.
• Wherever there is political upheaval, invariably there are refugees.
• We have sworn to fight cruelty wherever we find it.

2-3-地点状语从句与定语从句的区别

1. where 引导定语从句时，where 是关系副词，并且 where 在从句中作地点状语，前面有表示地点的先行词
   • The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.
   • This is the house where I lived two years ago.
   • We will start at the point where we left off.
2. where 引导状语从句时，where 是从属连词。where 引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词，并且 where 前面没有表示地点的先行词
   • Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Hanjiang River meet.
   • Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.
   • I found my books where I had left them.
3. 有时 where 引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义，可放在主句的前面，而 where 引导的定语从句则不能
   • Where there is a will, there is a way.
   • Where there is water, there is life.
4. 在有些情况下，where 引导的定语从句可转换为 where 引导的地点状语从句
   • A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert = A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert.
   • Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often. = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often.

3-时间状语从句

3-1-介绍

时间状语从句用表示时间的连词连接一个句子作状语。连接时间状语从句的连接词有: when, before, after, while, as soon as, until, since 等。

3-2-连接词

3-2-1 when

when 表示 “当…的时候”。

1. 既可以表示时间段，也可以表示时间点
2. 从句既可用延续性动词，也可用非延续性动词
3. 从句动作既可与主句的动作同时发生，又可在主句的动作之前或之后发生 例句：
   • When I met the Gills, I had been gardening for nearly ten years.
   • I’ll start to think about it when I have to write my report.
   • It was raining when we arrived.
   • When I came home, my wife was cooking dinner.

如果 when 引导的时间状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同，并且从句的谓语动词为 be 动词时，可以省略主语 & be 动词。

• When (you are) in trouble, ask her for help.

如果 when 引导的从句的主语与主句的主语相同，可以用 “when + 分词” 代替状语从句。

• When I came into the room ( When coming into the room), I found him lying there asleep.

3-2-2 while

while 表示 “当…的时候”。

1. 只能表示一段时间，不能表示时间点
2. 从句的谓语动词只能是延续性的
3. 从句动作只能与主句同时发生或者存在

例句：

• Don’t interrupt him while he is thinking.
• While Jim was mending his bike, Lin Tao came to see him.
• She got married while working as a waitress.
• You can’t do your homework while you’re watching TV.

3-2-3 as

as 表示 “当…时，一边…一边”。

侧重两个动作同时发生（包括同一个主语同时进行两个动作）；或者一种动作随着另一个动作的变化而变化。

• Another policeman has been injured as fighting continued this morning.
• I slipped on the ice as I ran home.
• I saw him as he was getting off the bus.
• As the wind rose, the noise increased.

4-条件状语从句

4-1-介绍

条件是指某一事情实现之后（状语从句中的动作），其他事情才会发生（主句中的动作），通常表示“如果”。 在句子中做条件状语的从句叫做条件状语从句（通常置于句首或句尾）。

引导条件状语从句的常用连词是 if，表示“如果”。其他连词有：unless（除非），as/so long as（只要）， providing/provided that（假如），supposing that, in case, on condition that 等。

4-2-连接词

4-2-1 if

if 引导的条件状语从句分为两类：一种是真实条件句，一种是虚拟条件句。

if 引导的条件状语从句表示在某种条件下，某事发生的可能性大。

例句：

• If you ask him, he will help you.
• If you fail in the exam, you will let him down.

if 引导的条件状语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。

• If it rains, we will stop playing. = We will stop playing if it rains.

如果主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

• If he runs, he will get there in time.
• The cat will scratch you if you if you pull her tail.

4-2-2 unless

unless 表示“除非，若不，除非在……的时候”，等同于 if … not。

• You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.
• Unless it rains, the game will be played.

4-2-3 as long as & so long as

as/so long as 表示“只要…”。

• As long as my heart still beats, I will go on working for the people.
• As long as the green hills are there, one need not worry about firewood.

4-2-4 in case

in case 表示“如果，万一”。

• In case I forget, please remind me about it.
• Dad brought a notebook along to the beach, in case he was seized by sudden inspiration.

4-2-5 on condition that

on condition (that) 表示“在…条件下”，引导的条件是主句发生的前提条件或者唯一条件。

• I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.
• You can go swimming on condition (that) you don’t go too far from the river bank.

4-2-6 supposing

supposing 表示“如果，假设”，引导的条件状语从句表示一种假设的条件。

• Supposing it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting?
• Supposing anything should go wrong, what would you do then?

4-2-7 provided that

provided (that) 表示“假如，除非，以…为条件”，引导的从句表示一种假设条件。

• He will sign the contract provided we offer more favorable terms.
• He won’t be against us in the meeting provided that we ask for his advice in advance.

5-原因状语从句

5-1-介绍

原因状语从句用来解释某件事发生的原因，最常用的从属连词为 because，强调原因。

除此之外，还有其他从属连词：as, since, for, now (that), when, seeing (that), considering (that), given (that), in that, for the reason that 等。

5-2-连接词

5-2-1 because

because 引导的原因状语从句一般放在主句后面。当从句放在主句前面时，需要用逗号隔开；而从句在后面时，可用或者不用逗号分隔。

• We didn’t go for an outing last Saturday, because it was raining hard the whole day.
• We didn’t go for an outing last Saturday because it was raining hard the whole day.
• Because it was raining hard the whole day, we didn’t go for an outing last Saturday.

because 的语气一般比较强，常用来回答 why 引导的疑问句。

• • Why didn’t you come to my birthday party last night? - Because my sister was ill. I had to take care of her the whole night.

because 不能与 so 连用

because of 也表示原因，为介词短语，后跟名词，代词，动名词及其短语。

• He can’t go to school because of his illness.
• He can’t go to school because he is ill.

not because 结构中的否定词有时用来否定主句，有时用来否定从句，容易引起歧义。如果想明否定主句，最好在 because 从句前用逗号隔开。

• I didn’t go there yesterday, because I was afraid.（因为害怕，所以没去）
• I went there yesterday, not because I was afraid.（去那里，并不是因为害怕）

5-2-2 since

since 可以理解为“既然”，用来表示双方已知的，显然的理由；相当于 now that，不过更为正式；语气比 because 弱，

since 引导的原因状语从句常放在主句之前。

• Since you are free today, can you help me with the housework?
• Now that you are grown up, you should rely on yourself.

since 除了引导原因状语从句，还可以在后面接时间或者过去发生的事情，表示“自从…以来”。此时，从句常用一般过去时，主句常用完成时。

• I have lived here since 2015.
• She has learned English since she was two years old.

5-2-3 as

as 引导原因状语从句时，表示“附带说明的，双方已知的原因”，语气比 since 弱。位置比较灵活，但是常放在主句之前。

• As the wage of the job was low, there were few applicants for it.
• As you are tired, you had better take a rest.

除了引导原因状语从句，as 也可以用来引导时间状语从句与方式状语从句。

• A sudden chill of horror sweeps over her as she feels the drip of saliva upon her hand.（时间状语从句）
• She did it as I had told her to.（方式状语从句）

5-2-4 for

for 表示原因，但是并不构成主句行为发生的直接原因，只是提供一些辅助性的补充说明。

for 引导并列句，且只能放在主句之后并用逗号隔开。

• It must have rained last night, for the street is wet all over.（主句与从句不构成直接因果关系）

5-2-5 其他连接词

• She is much more mobile now that she has a car.（既然）
• I won’t tell you when you won’t listen.（既然）
• He looks young considering his age.（考虑到）
• Given that he was still a boy, I forgave him.（考虑到）
• We aren’t going for the simple reason that we can’t afford it.（因为）

6-目的状语从句

6-1-介绍

目的状语从句：在句子中充当目的状语的从句，主要用来补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的。

如：

• He got up early so as to catch the first morning bus.（so as to… 做目的状语）
• He got up early so that he could catch the first morning bus.（so that… 做目的状语从句）

6-2-连接词

连接目的状语从句的连接词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case 等。

目的状语从句的谓语动中通常含有：may, could, will, might, can, should, would 等情态动词。

6-2-1 so that

so that 表示“以便，为了”。

• I set up the computer so that they could work from home.
• I’ll give you all the facts so that you can judge for yourself.
• They put a screen around his bed so that the doctor could examine him.

so that 有时可以省略 so，只用 that 连接。

• Bring it closer (so) that I may see it better.

当主句与从句的主语相同时，可以用 so as to do 短语替代 so that。

• One should learn from past mistakes so that he or she can avoid falling into the same old trap again.
• One should learn from past mistakes so as to avoid falling into the same old trap again.

需要注意 so that 与 so … that 的区别：

1. so that 表示目的状语从句：
   • He went to bed very early last night so that he could get up early this morning.
2. so … that 表示结果状语从句：
   • He stayed up so late last night that he couldn’t get up early this morning.

6-2-2 in order that

in order that 表示“为了，以便”。

• They flew there in order that they might be in time to attend the opening ceremony.
• In order that we might get there on time, we should set out early.

当主句与从句的主语相同时，可用 in order to do 短语代替 in order that 从句。

• I came in order that I could see Jack.
• I came in order to see Jack.

6-2-3 for fear that

for fear that 表示“以免，唯恐”。

如果从句的情态动词时 should 时，此时 should 可以省略。

• He told us to keep quiet for fear that we might disturb others.
• We hurried along for fear that we (should) be late.

当主句与从句的主语相同时，可以用 for fear of doing 短语代替 for fear that 从句。

• We spoke quietly for fear that we should wake the guards.
• We spoke quietly for fear of waking the guards.

6-2-4 in case

in case 表示“以防，万一”。

从句一般使用情态动词 should，且 should 可省略；从句表示虚拟语气。

• They watched him closely in case he (should) escape.
• I stopped suddenly in case he (should) think that I was showing off.

in case 还可以表示“假如，如果”。此时引导的从句不再使用虚拟语气，一般也不使用情态动词。

• In case she comes back, let me know immediately.
• I keep a warm coat at work in case it suddenly turns cold.

in case of 表示“假如，如果发生”。

• In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.
• We have an auxiliary generator in case of power cuts.

7-结果状语从句

7-1-介绍

结果状语从句：在复合句中表示主句动作所导致结果的从句，用于补充说明主句谓语动词发生的结果；通常位于主句的后面。

7-2-连接词

引导结果状语从句的连词主要有：so that, so…that, such…that 等。

so 用在形容词或副词之前，such 用在名词之前

7-2-1 so that

so that 既可以引导目的状语从句，表示“为了，以便”；也可以引导结果状语从句，表示“因此，以至于”。

当引导目的状语从句时，从句一般包含情态动词；当引导结果状语从句时，一般不包含

• You make friends with people and then make unreasonable demands so that they reject you.（结果状语从句）
• I’ll give you all the facts so that you can judge for yourself.（目的状语从句）

7-2-2 so/such…that

so/such…that 表示“如此…以至于…”。so 是副词，修饰形容词或副词，such 是形容词，修饰名词。

1. so + adj./adv. + that
   • He speaks so fast that no one can catch him.
   • The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water.
   • I was so busy here that I had no time to write a letter.
2. so + adj./adv. + (a/an) + n +that
   • There is so rapid an increase in population that a food shortage is caused.
3. such ＋ a(an) ＋ adj. ＋ 可数名词单数 ＋ that
   • He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him.
   • He was such an honest man that he was praised by the teacher.
   • He’s such a good person that we mustn’t blame him.
4. such ＋ adj. ＋ 复数可数名词 ＋ that
   • He told us such horrible stories that we all scared.
   • They are such fine teachers that we all hold them in great respect.
5. such + adj. + 不可数名词 + that
   • He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.
   • It is such nice weather that I would like to go to the beach.

需要注意：so 与表示数量的代词 many, few, much, little 等连用已经形成固定搭配， 这种情况下不能换用 such 的对应结构表示。

• Our country has so much coal that she can export large quantities.
• There were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters could not get close to the building.

当结果状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，可省略从句主语，从句谓语变非谓语。此时 so… 就要换一个形式来陈述。so 是中性程度副词，如果从句是肯定句，那么 so 就要换为 enough。

enough 只能在所修饰词的后面

• He is so old that he can go to school alone. = He is old enough to go to school alone.

8-让步状语从句

8-1-介绍

让步状语从句一般翻译为 “尽管…”，“即使…”。

引导让步状语从句的连接词有：though, although, as, even though, whether … or …, no matter + 疑问词, 疑问词-ever, regardless of + 名词/名词短语/名词从句, despite, despite of

需要注意，although，though 不可以与 but 连用，但是可以和 yet, still 连用

8-2-连接词

8-2-1 although & though

这两个连词都表示“虽然，尽管”，一般情况下可以互换使用。

though 通常用于口语，although 常用于正式情况。两者均不可以和 but 连用，但是可以和 yet, still, nevertheless 连用。

• Although/Though he was exhausted, he(still) kept on working.
• Although/Though he is known to only a few, his reputation among them is very great.
• Although/Though they’re expensive, they last forever and never go out of style.

although 引导的让步状语从句通常位于主句之前，though 引导的让步状语从句位于主句前或者主句后均可。

• They’re very different, though they did seem to get on well when they met.

8-2-2 as

as 引导的让步状语从句必须用倒装，而 though 引导的让步状语从句可用倒装，也可不用倒装。

1. 名词 + as/though + 主语 + 动词
   • King as he was, he was unhappy.
   • Child as he is, he knows to help other.

   其中的动词常为连系动词，位于句首的名词为连系动词的表语。同时，位于句首的名词通常不用冠词。

   • Boy as/though he is, he likes to play with girls. = Though/Although he is a boy, he likes to play with girls.
2. 形容词 + as/though + 主语 + 动词
   • Patient as he was，he didn’t like waiting that long.
   • Beautiful though the necklace was，we thought it was over-priced.

   其中的动词也常为连系动词。

3. 副词 + as/though + 主语 + 动词
   • Much as I like Paris, I couldn’t live there.
   • Fast as you read, you can’t finish the book in two days.
   • Heavily as it is raining, the football game has been decided not to be put off.

   有时候会将 much as 当作一个复合连词看，整体引导让步状语从句。

   • Much as I admire him as a writer，I do not like him as a man.
4. 动词原型 + as/though + 主语 + 动词
   • Object as you may, I’ll go.
   • Try as he might, he couldn’t solve the problem.
   • Lose money as I did, we got a lot of experience.

   主语后面的动词常为 could, may, might, did 等情态动词或者助动词。

   如果表示陈述事实，则用 do, did 等助动词；如果表示情态含义，则用情态动词

8-2-3 whether

由 whether 引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果，所以语气是比较强烈的，从而也更加坚定了主句的内容。

• You’ll have to attend the ceremony whether you’re free or busy.
• Whether you believe it or not, it’s true.
• Whether or not they win this battle, they won’t win the war.

8-2-4 no matter + 疑问词 = 疑问词-ever

这两个连接词均表示 “不管 … 都 …”，“…. 都 ….”，引导让步状语从句时两者可以互换。

• No matter what happened, he would not mind.
• Whatever happened, he would not mind.
• No matter who you are, you must keep the law.
• Whoever you are, you must keep the law.
• When anyone does something for you, no matter how small and no matter whether he’s a superior or servant, it’s proper to say “Thank you”.

no matter + 疑问词只能引导状语从句，而疑问词-ever 还可以引导名词性从句。

• Whatever (=No matter what) you say, I won’t believe you.(让步状语从句)
• I’ll eat whatever (≠no matter what) you give me.(宾语从句)
• Whoever comes will be welcome.(主语从句)

while 有时也可以引导让步状语从句，通常位于句首。

• While I like the color, I don’t like the shape.

8-2-5 even though & even if

两者均可以引导让步状语从句，但是有细微差别。

1. even if 引导的状语从句通常是假设性的，表示“即使”，“纵然”，“就算”，“哪怕”
   • Even if I have to walk all the way I’ll get there.
   • Even if it rains tomorrow, we won’t change our plan.
   • Even if you saw him pick up the money, you can’t be sure he stole it.
2. even though 引导的从句内容往往是真实的，用于引出不利于主句的信息，表示“尽管”，“虽然”
   • He went out even though it was raining.
   • He’s the best teacher even though he has the least experience.
   • Even though I didn’t know anybody at the party, I had a nice time.

   此时 even though 与 though, although 可以互换。

   • Even though/Though/Although we all tried our best, we lost the game.

在实际运用中，even though 与 even if 可以不加区别地混用。

• Even if /Even though she laughs at him, he likes her.
• We thoroughly understand each other, even if /even though we don’t always agree.