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定语从句

1-基本概念

1-1 定义

一个简单句跟在名词或代词（先行词）后进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句；定语从句在主句中充当定语成分。

被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句通常只能放在被修饰的先行词之后。

单词做定语放在被修饰词之前

1-2 引导词

  1. 引导定语从句的词有：
    • 关系代词：that, who, whom, which, as
    • 关系副词：when, where, why
  2. 引导词位于定语从句之前，先行词之后（as 除外）。
  3. 引导词的作用有：
    • 连接先行词和定语从句
    • 在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语）

2-关系代词的用法

  1. who/that 指人，是主格；在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略
    • Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there？
    • The student who/that answered the question was John.
    • Nothing is difficult to the man who/that will try.
    • The windows was broken by the boy who/that lives opposite.
  2. whom/who/that 指人，是宾格；在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)
    1. 当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时，关系代词可省略
      • Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now？
      • The author (whom/who/that) you criticized.
      • Then I telephoned the doctor (whom/who/that) Charles had recommended.
    2. 当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：介词不提前，关系代词可省略；介词提前，关系代词不可省，即 “介词+whom” (指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)
      • The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.
      • The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.
      • The man with whom I traveled couldn’t speak English

      固定的动词短语（动词+介词），如 look for, take care of 等不能把动词与介词拆开，即介词不能提至引导词前。

      • She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.

  3. whose 是所有格 “…的” 形式；whose + n. 一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)，即先行词的什么东西。

    whose 用来指人或物（只用作定语) ，且 whose 不能省略。

    whose + n. = the + n. + of which/whom

    • I didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken. (主语)
    • He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. (动宾)
    • The boss in whose company I work is very kind. (介宾)
    • They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. (主语)
  4. which/that 指物，代替先行词，且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)
    1. 作主语
      • The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.

    2. 作宾语

      which/that 作宾语时，同样分为动宾与介宾两种情况：1. 作动宾时，which/that 可以省略；2. 作介宾时，介词不提前时，关系代词 which/that 可以省略；介词提前时，关系代词 which/that 不可以省略。

      • The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.
      • The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.
      • The games in which the young men competed were difficult.

介词 + which 指物；介词 + whom 指人

  1. as 指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略

    主要用于 “the same …as…；such …as…；so …as…；as … as…；as follows ” 固定结构中。在这种形式的结构中，要用 as 代替 who(m), which, 或 that 引导定语从句。

    • Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest.
    • Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.
    • My hometown is no longer the same as it was.
    • Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.
    • The child knows as much as grow-ups (know).
    • I’d like to have the same books as are used in your school.
    • He is not such a person as I expected.
    • He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.

3-关系副词的用法

关系副词，兼有副词与连接词两种作用，在不及物动词的连接中要求用关系副词。

关系副词在句中作状语，关系副词=介词+关系代词，定语从句中常用的关系副词有三个：when，where，why。

when = during/on/in which where = in/at/on which why = for which

  1. when 主要用于修饰表时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语
    • There comes a time when you have to make a choice.
    • Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.
    • We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.

    先行词为时间名词时不一定用关系副词 when 来引导定语从句；需要进一步判断先行词在定语从句中成分。如果在定语从句中作时间状语，则用 when；如果在定语从句中作主语或者宾语时，要用 that, which 等。

    • Don’t forget the time (that, which) I’ve told you.（先行词 time 作 told 的宾语）
  2. where 主要用于修饰表地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语
    • This is the village where he was born.
    • That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer.
    • Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.

    同样，先行词为地点的名词时，不一定要用 where 引导，需要进一步判断先行词在定语从句中的成分。

    • He works in a factory that/which makes TV sets.
  3. why 主要用于修饰表原因的名词(主要是the reason)，同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语
    • We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up.
    • She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.

    why 与 where/when 的用法有点不同：

    1. why 可以省略或者替换成 that
      • That’s one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come.
    2. why 只能引导限制性定语从句，where/when 可以引导非限制性定语从句
      • The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank. (wrong)
      • The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank. (right)

4-限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别

  1. 在句中作用不同
    • 限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。
    • 非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。

  2. 表现形式不同

    限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。

    • Do you remember the girl who taught us English?
    • Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.
    • This is the place where he used to live.
    • Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.
    • We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.

    前三个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系密切，为限制性定语从句，不可用逗号隔开；后面两个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系不密切，为非限制性定语从句。

  3. 先行词内容有所不同

    大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。

    • A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.
    • A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.
  4. 使用的关系词有所不同

    1. that 不可以引导非限制性定语从句

      所有关系代词和关系副词都可以引导限制性定语从句，大部分关系代词与关系副词都可以引导非限制性定语从句，但是 that 除外。

      • He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.（wrong）
      • He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.（wright）
      • He didn’t pass the exam, that disappointed me.（wrong）
      • He didn’t pass the exam, which disappointed me.（wright）

    2. 关系词替代情况不同

      关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ,但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。

      在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/whom ,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时, 不可用 that 代替 who/whom。

    3. 关系代词省略情况不同

      关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。

      • This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.
      • The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.

5-wich 与 that

5-1 定语从句中只用 that, 不用 which

  1. 先行词是 everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some 等不定代词时，或当先行词被 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等词修饰
    • Have you set down everything that Mr. Li said?
    • There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.

    当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词 who。

    • Any man that/who has a sense of responsibility won’t do such a thing.
    • All the guests that/who were invited to her wedding were important people.
  2. 先行词被序数词修饰
    • The first American movie that I watched was the Titanic.
  3. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰
    • This is the best museum that I have visited all my life.
  4. 先行词被 the very, the only, the first/last 等修饰
    • She is the only person that understands me.
    • After the big fire, the old car is the only thing that he owns.
  5. 先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词
    • Who is the man that is standing in front of the crowd?
    • Which is the room that Mr. Wang lives in?
  6. 先行词为人与动物或人与物
    • Look at the man and his donkey that are walking alone the street.
  7. 先行词是 reason, way 等词时，关系代词常用 that 代替 in which, for which, why，也常可省略
    • She admired the way (that) they solved the questions.

5-2 定语从句中只用 which, 不用 that

  1. 在非限定性定语从句中，在任何情况下都不能用 that
    • This brunch of carnation, which is wound by silk ribbon, is the first gift to my mom.
    • These books, which you can get at any corner of the town, will give you all the information.
  2. 关系代词前面有介词
    • Those days in which you could travel without a passport has gone.
    • That is the motel at which we stayed several years ago.
  3. 先行词本身为 that (指代作用)
    • what about that which had appeared in recent activities.
    • The knowledge are from various fields and that which display the waves of human being.