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宾语从句

1-介绍

定义：置于动词、介词等词性后面，在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。

宾语从句分为三类：

  • 动词的宾语从句
  • 介词的宾语从句
  • 形容词的宾语从句

宾语从句语法需要关注三点：时态，语序，连词。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序，谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句，有些形容词(afraid，sure，glad等)之后也可以带宾语从句。

2-连接词

在复合句中作主句的宾语，连接词有：

  1. 连词：that (that 常可省略), whether, if
  2. 代词：who, whose, what, which
  3. 副词：when ,where, how, why 等。

2-1 that 引导的宾语从句

在非正式场合that可以省略

可跟 that 从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report 等。

  • The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.

需要注意的是，当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。

  • I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.

在以下情况中 that 不能省略

  1. 当句中的动词后接多于两个由 that 引导的宾语从句时，第一个 that 可省，但后面的 that 不可省。
    • He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
  2. 当主句的谓语动词与 that 宾语从句之间有插入语时，that 一般不可省。
    • Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
  3. 当 that 从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that 不可省。
    • I can’t tell him that his mother died.

    许多带复合宾语的句子，that 引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用 it 作形式宾语。

    • I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.

2-2 whether/if 引导的宾语从句

由 whether/if 引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的，意思是“是否”，此时宾语从句要用陈述句语序。

一般说来，在宾语从句中 whether 与 if 可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下 if 与 whether 是不能互换的。

  • I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.

以下场景不能互换：

  1. 只能用 whether，不能用 if 引导的宾语从句
    1. 在带 to 的不定式前
      • We decided whether to walk there.
    2. 在介词的后面
      • I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
    3. 在 discuss, decided 等动词后面的宾语从句
      • We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week.
    4. 直接与 or not 连用时
      • I can’t say whether or not they can come on time.
  2. 只能用 if 不能用 whether 引导的宾语从句
    1. if 引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”
      • The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
    2. if 引导否定概念的宾语从句时
      • He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
    3. 引导状语从句 even if(即使)和 as if(好象)时
      • He talks as if he has known all about it.

2-3 连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句

这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。

用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise 等。

  1. 连接代词有：who, whom, whose, which, what，在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。
    • Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
  2. 连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。
    • None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.

3-语序

无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句+连接词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。

  • Could you tell me who knows the answer?
  • The small children don’t know what is in their stockings.
  • He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.

4-时态

含宾语从句的复合句，主句、从句谓语动词的时态呼应，包括以下几点：

  1. 主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。
    • I don’t know when he will come back.
    • He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.
  2. 主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。
    • The children didn’t know who he was.
    • He asked his father how it happened.
  3. 如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。
    • The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

5-总结

  • 宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
  • 宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
  • 连接词 that 引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。
  • whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether 后可紧跟 or not；whether 从句可作介词的宾语。
  • 如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it。