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过去完成时

含义与结构

过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去动作之前就已经完成了的事件。

动作发生的时间是”过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。

基本结构为：主语+had+动词过去分词（done）

用法

  1. 表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，表示“过去的过去”；可以用 by, before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。
    • By the time I got outside, the bus had already left.
    • She had studied English for six years before she went to college.
  2. 表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和 for, since 构成的时间状语连用。
    • He had lived in the house for five years.
    • He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
  3. 叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。
    • Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
    • I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.（因为我没有好好学习，作为补充）
  4. 在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
    • I returned the book that I had borrowed.
    • She found the key that she had lost.
  5. 过去完成时常常用在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
    • He said that he had known her well.
    • I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
  6. 含有时间状语从句，对于过去不同时间发生的两个动作，发生在前的动作，用过去完成时；发生在后的动作，用一般过去时。如 when, before, after, as soon as, till/until 引导的从句。
    • When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.
    • She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.

    需要注意的是，如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含 before 和after 的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

    • After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
  7. 动词 think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend 等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。
    • They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
    • We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
  8. 过去完成时还可用在 hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)… 等固定句型中。
    • Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.（一 … 就 …，倒装句）
    • No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.（一 … 就 …，倒装句）
    • It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.